Vingtième Siècle 124,octobre-décembre 2014

Militaires et pouvoirs au Moyen-Orient
First Edition

Table of contents: The Lebanese Army, 1945 to 1975 - The Army in Iraq from 1932 to 1968 - The Birth of Military Regimes in the Middle East - Nasser, Amer and Their Army - Foreign Policy and the Military in Syria (1946-1970) - Politics and the Army in Turkey (1908-1980) - Politicians and Generals in Israel during the 20th and 21st Centuries. Read More

The Lebanese Army, 1945 to 1975: From National Jewel to Crumbling Institution

Stéphane Malsagne
A major player in Lebanon's post-colonial history, between 1945 and 1975 the Lebanese army experienced its foundational period as well as its first challenges in a troubled regional environment shaped by the Arab-Israeli wars. Created with the aim of embodying the unity and ideal of a hitherto unprecedented nation-state, the role of the Lebanese army was increasingly challenged at the end of the 1960s, however. The spread of divisions within the military hierarchy, criticism of the methods used by the army and the institution's inability to win unanimous support vis-à-vis its major internal and external crises are a number of the factors that weakened Lebanon, the country ultimately descending into "civil" war in 1975.

Key words: Lebanon, Israel, Army, military, war.

The Army in Iraq from 1932 to 1968: Between Arbitration and Control of Political Power
Matthieu Rey
This article presents a different chronological framework than the one traditionally put forth to understand the birth of the Iraqi army and the key role it played in building the Iraqi State. Between the country's formal independence in 1932 and the Baath party’s rise to power in 1968, the nation-building process and the rise of the army as a political tool were largely synonymous phenomena. This article retraces the evolving power dynamics and regime changes from a military perspective. Initially non-existent, the army then began to arbitrate between various factions, before ultimately gaining power itself. However, this stranglehold on power prompted its own collapse as a military tool and several groups of rival militias took its place.

Key words: Iraq, Army, modern state, nation-building, coup d’État.

The Birth of Military Regimes in the Middle East: Reinterpreting the "Age of Revolutions"
Henry Laurens
In an interview, Henry Laurens revisits the concept of "the Age of Revolutions" in the Middle East, which refers to a period stretching from the 1940s until the 1970s. He likewise emphasises the historiographical misunderstandings that occurred with regard to this topic. The military, viewed as the promoter of modernity, was supposed to ensure reforms that would prevent these States from tipping over into Communism. In fact, however, the governmental systems implemented often resembled police states (mukbabarat) in which intelligence services played a key role. If these governments can be seen as revolutionary, it is only in so far as they aimed to effect social transformation.

Key words: Middle East, revolution, Army, military, modernisation.

Nasser, Amer and Their Army
Tewficq Aclimandos
In 1952, Gamal Abd al-Nasser seized power with the support of the Free Officers Movement. This coup took place whilst the Egyptian army was being established. The new regime, both authoritarian and military, had to control the officers from which it had emerged, but also had to provide the country with an effective military tool. These two endeavours intricately linked the state and the army together, thus defining the specific features of Nasser’s regime. Very early on, this regime took the form of a polyarchy, wherein two main powers became increasingly powerful. It was only after the 1967 war that this aspect was transformed. This article examines in detail how the regime and the country’s defence system was created.

Key words: Gamal Abd al-Nasser, Abdel Hakim Amer, Egypt, Army, State.

Foreign Policy and the Military in Syria (1946-1970): From Independence to Dictatorship
David W. Lesch
Perhaps more than in any other country in the Middle East, Syria’s domestic and foreign policies are strongly interconnected. This unique trait can explain the army’s rise to power as well as the Baath party’s triumph over other political factions. This article sheds light on how a group of officers identified themselves with the Baath party, in turn using it to take possession of the State.

Key words: Syria, Cold War, Baath party, Army, coup d’État.

Politics and the Army in Turkey (1908-1980)
Hamit Bozarslan
Spanning the period from the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 to the 1980 coup d’État, this article puts forth the hypothesis that although the army had important means of coercion and action at its disposal, thus granting it a supra-social status, it often lacked internal cohesion. Its interventions, both direct and indirect, were reactions to crises, which they often exacerbated but did not always control. Although there is no doubt that the army possessed an “esprit de corps”, a common nationalist and Kemalist ideology, as well as a minimum of organic unity, it nevertheless did not manage to derive its legitimacy from an exclusive supra-social position. Consequently, it had to interact with State and civil society actors. Its technology of power was designed according to the interests and expectations of the officers who wielded it, the constraints and opportunities they faced, as well as the subjective perceptions that they had regarding various political problems.

Key words: Turkey, Army, revolution, Young Turks, Kemalism.

Politicians and Generals in Israel during the 20th and 21st Centuries
Samy Cohen
Although for the first two decades following the establishment of the State of Israel, consensus reigned regarding Tzahal, or the Israeli Defence Forces, today this institution is no longer exempt from public criticism. Its image as the “army of the nation”, a melting pot for generations of immigrants, still flourishes. But this image now only reflects part of the reality and a number of transformations have been accompanied by questions and doubts: What is the weight of the role played by religious soldiers? Are the generals becoming a threat for Israeli democracy? Is it the State which “possesses an army”, or the army which “possesses a State”?

Key words: Israel, Tzahal, State, Army, war.
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Specifications


Publisher
Presses de Sciences Po
Author
,
Journal
20 & 21. Revue d'histoire
ISSN
02941759
Language
French
Tags
, , , , Iraq, Turkey
Publisher Category
> History
Publisher Category
> History field
BISAC Subject Heading
HIS000000 HISTORY
BIC subject category (UK)
H Humanities
Onix Audience Codes
01 General / trade
CLIL (Version 2013-2019)
3377 HISTOIRE > 3080 SCIENCES HUMAINES ET SOCIALES, LETTRES
Credit
Presses de Sciences Po
Title First Published
21 October 2014
Subject Scheme Identifier Code
Thema subject category: History
Type of Work
Journal Issue

Paperback


Publication Date
20 October 2014
ISBN-13
978-2-7246-3387-0
Product Content
Text (eye-readable)
Extent
Main content page count : 252
Code
9782724633870
Dimensions
17 x 24 x 1.5 cm
Weight
440 grams
List Price
23.00 €
ONIX XML
Version 2.1, Version 3

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Contents


MILITAIRES ET POUVOIRS AU MOYEN-ORIENT

Présentation
Matthieu Rey

Glossaire 
Chronologie 
Cartes

Construire l'État, construire la nation

L'armée libanaise de 1945 à 1975 : du socle national à l’effritement
Stéphane Malsagne

L’armée en Irak de 1932 à 1968 : entre arbitrage et contrôle du pouvoir
Matthieu Rey

Régimes militaires, régimes politiques

L’avènement des régimes militaires au Moyen-Orient : une relecture du « temps des révolutions »
Henry Laurens
Nasser, Amer et leur armée
Tewficq Aclimandos

Militaires et politique étrangère en Syrie (1946 1970) : de l’indépendance à la dictature
David W. Lesch

Des trajectoires parallèles à l’Orient arabe
Armée et politique en Turquie (1908-1980)
Hamit Bozarslan

Politiques et généraux en Israël aux 20e et 21e siècles
Samy Cohen

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Les mutations de Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire : internationalisation et numérisation
Nicolas Roussellier

L’histoire internationale en Allemagne depuis 1990 : origines, renouvellements, perspectives
Emmanuel Droit

Une dimension méconnue du Mai 68 français : la fuite des capitaux
Janick Marina Schaufelbuehl

La politique d’éducation prioritaire : un projet conduit hors du champ politique (1981-2001)
Lydie Heurdier

Rubriques

Archives
Les archives du PCF
Pierre Boichu et Gilles Morin
Brèves
Avis de recherches
Vers une histoire transnationale des épurations
Fabien Lostec
Médiatisation(s) de l’écologie
Thibault Le Hégarat
Muséographie des violences
Sarah Gruszka et Marina Antipov
Images, lettres et sons
Art déco, résonances de l’ancien et du nouveau
Jean-Pierre Daviet
Le Vent se lève, de Hayao Miyazaki
Sophie Louey
Concevoir le site-mémorial des Milles
Hélène Bourguignon
Homosexualités de l’entre-deux-guerres
Florence Tamagne
L’histoire sociale mondiale par les polars
Chloé Maurel 

Vingtième Siècle signale
Librairie
Grande Guerre – De Gaulle entre deux guerres – Juifs d’Europe – Le Japon dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale – Après la chute de l’URSS – Histoire politique de l’Europe – Histoire politique et sociale de la France – Idéologies – Catholicisme – Histoire économique et sociale – Construction nationale et domination coloniale 207